化工仪表及自动化课程教学改革探索

化工仪表及自动化是化工类专业的一门实践性、技术性较强的课程,对于夯实学生的理论基础、强化学生的工程实践能力具有十分重要的作用。根据化工仪表及自动化课程的特点,教学中通过精心筛选理论教学内容,不断拓展教学空间,强化课程与实践教学环节的互动,增强了学生的学习兴趣,提升了学生的应用创新能力和实践能力。     

Microstructure and damage evolution of SiCf/PyC/SiC and SiCf/BN/SiC mini-composites: A synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography study

SiC_f/PyC/SiC and SiC_f/BN/SiC mini-composites comprising single tow SiC fibre-reinforced SiC with chemical vapor deposited PyC or BN interface layers are fabricated. The microstructure evolutions of the mini-composite samples as the oxidation temperature increases (oxidation at 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600?°C in air for 2?h) are observed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction characterization methods. The damage evolution for each component of the as-fabricated SiC_f/SiC composites (SiC fibre, PyC/BN interface, SiC matrix, and mesophase) is mapped as a three-dimensional (3D) image and quantified with X-ray computed tomography. The mechanical performance of the composites is investigated via tensile tests.The results reveal that tensile failure occurs after the delamination and fibre pull-out in the SiC_f/PyC/SiC composites due to the volatilization of the PyC interface at high temperatures in the air environment. Meanwhile, the gaps between the fibres and matrix lead to rapid oxidation and crack propagation from the SiC matrix to SiC fibre, resulting in the failure of the SiC_f/PyC/SiC composites as the oxidation temperature increases to 1600?°C. On the other hand, the oxidation products of B₂O₃ molten compounds (reacted from the BN interface) fill up the fracture, cracks, and voids in the SiC matrix, providing excellent strength retention at elevated oxidation temperatures. Moreover, under the protection of B₂O₃, the SiC_f/BN/SiC mini-composites show a nearly intact microstructure of the SiC fibre, a low void growth rate from the matrix to fibre, and inhibition of new void formation and the SiO₂ grain growth from room to high temperatures. This work provides guidance for predicting the service life of SiC_f/PyC/SiC and SiC_f/BN/SiC composite materials, and is fundamental for establishing multiscale damage models on a local scale.     

沙尔贡煤矿应力集中区域大断面机电设备硐室支护技术

沙尔贡煤矿矿井共划分为2个块段（5个采区），分别为井田中西部的中央块段（含Ⅰ上采区和Ⅰ下采区）和东部的鲁甘利赫塔块段，中央块段的Ⅰ上采区是矿井的首采区。该矿Ⅰ上采区绞车房布置在煤层顶板的岩层中，根据I上采区绞车房及其周边巷道的平面布置，Ⅰ上采区绞车房处于应力集中区域，原设计支护方式为B20素混凝土砌碹，厚度400 mm，采用“小断面快速掘进通过，二次扩刷成巷”的施工方案。现场在进行二次扩刷前，已经出现了巷顶喷浆层开裂，局部锚杆失效脱落，巷帮大面积片帮，巷顶下沉量、巷帮收敛量超限等现象。为保障硐室施工质量，对Ⅰ上采区绞车房的支护方案进行了优化，方案实施后，未出现硐室变形、支护开裂等现象，表明方案优化设计效果显著，可供类似矿山支护设计参考。关键词煤矿支护方案围岩变形DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674 6082.2020.12.025沙尔贡煤矿矿井共划分为2个块段（5个采区），分别为井田中西部的中央块段（含Ⅰ上采区和Ⅰ下采区）和东部的鲁甘利赫塔块段，中央块段的Ⅰ上采区是矿井的首采区。该矿Ⅰ上采区绞车房布置在煤层顶板的岩层中，根据I上采区绞车房及其周边巷道的平面布置，Ⅰ上采区绞车房处于应力集中区域，原设计支护方式为B20素混凝土砌碹，厚度400 mm，采用“小断面快速掘进通过，二次扩刷成巷”的施工方案。现场在进行二次扩刷前，已经出现了巷顶喷浆层开裂，局部锚杆失效脱落，巷帮大面积片帮，巷顶下沉量、巷帮收敛量超限等现象。为保障硐室施工质量，对Ⅰ上采区绞车房的支护方案进行了优化，方案实施后，未出现硐室变形、支护开裂等现象，表明方案优化设计效果显著，可供类似矿山支护设计参考。     

硝酸对水质中重金属含量测定的影响研究

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法对加硝酸和不加硝酸的浑浊和澄清水质样品中镍、锰、铜、锌、铅的浓度变化进行测定研究和对比,结果表明硝酸加入样品中能起到固定剂的作用,加入硝酸对于铜元素的浓度影响很小,对澄清水中的锰元素和铅元素影响也很小,但是加入硝酸对镍和锌元素有较大影响。     

Retrofitting of the Heat Exchanger Network with Steam Generation in a Crude Oil Distillation Unit

Steam generation through hot streams has an important impact on the utility consumption of a crude oil distillation unit. Retrofitting of the heat exchanger network with steam generation in a crude oil distillation unit is studied with regard to efficient energy usage. The grand composite curve is employed to provide insights into the steam generation problem, and a mixed‐integer linear programming model, presented previously for heat integration through hot discharges/feeds and steam generation, is used to obtain the optimal parameters for steam generation. Three heuristic rules are then proposed to determine suitable hot streams for steam generation. Finally, the heat exchanger network is modified based on pinch technology. After the retrofit, the hot and cold utility decrease.     

合金元素对铝合金在泰国曼谷地区初期腐蚀行为的影响

在泰国曼谷地区对5083、6063和7020 3种铝合金进行为期1 a的暴晒实验,采用SEM、电化学实验、XPS和扫描Kelvin探针显微镜(SKPFM)对3种铝合金初期腐蚀形貌及腐蚀机理进行研究。结果表明:6063铝合金中Mg、Si、Fe等合金元素含量较少,腐蚀电位相对较高,约为-0.66 V (vs SCE),腐蚀产物膜较为致密,耐蚀性较好,在泰国曼谷地区的腐蚀速率约为0.7 g/(m^2·a)。7020铝合金含有较多Mg、Zn等合金元素,腐蚀电位约为-0.78 V (vs SCE),腐蚀最为严重,腐蚀速率约为3.26 g/(m^2·a)。3种铝合金均含有Mn、Si、Fe等合金元素,从而形成Fe-Si-Al或Fe-Si(Mn)-Al第二相,第二相表面电位高于基体225~280 mV,在大气环境中第二相作为阴极相,周围的基体Al优先溶解脱落,成为点蚀坑。     

用高温焙烧-盐酸浸出法从粉煤灰中浸出镓

研究了采用高温焙烧—盐酸浸出工艺从粉煤灰中浸出镓,考察了助剂(Na2 CO3,K2 CO3)与粉煤灰混合比例、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对粉煤灰高温焙烧的影响及浸出温度、盐酸浓度、固液质量体积比对镓浸出的影响.结果表明:Na2 CO3与K2 CO3(质量比3/1)的混合助剂与粉煤灰按质量比0.5/1混合,在950℃下焙烧2 h后,再用3 mol/L盐酸溶液在60℃、固液质量体积比1/10条件下浸出2 h,镓浸出率达93.43％,浸出效果较好.     

深部倾斜煤层采动底板破坏演化特征分析

为研究深部倾斜煤层底板破坏特征及破坏深度,以羊东煤矿8469工作面为研究对象,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,对煤层采后底板应力分布规律、塑性区发育特征及破坏深度进行了研究。通过数值模拟与理论分析可知:煤层开采后,作用在周围煤岩体上的支承压力产生不同的应力分区。沿煤层走向方向,应力呈对称性变化,形状近似马鞍状,在工作面两端处产生应力集中;沿煤层倾向方向,倾斜剪切力的存在使底板岩体由采动破坏转变成滑移破坏,塑性破坏区和应力变化大致呈勺型分布形态,最大应力集中区出现在工作面下侧。随着工作面向前推进,底板破坏范围相应增大,但推进255m后,破坏深度不再增加。现场实测表明,底板浅部岩层最早受到扰动,且受到的扰动程度最高。扰动范围随最大注水量的减少而增加,在底板下25m范围内的岩层受影响较小。由此可知,该工作面底板破坏深度为25.0～29.2m。     

三维设计软件比较及其在液压支架设计中的应用

分析了目前国内外流行的几种三维设计软件 ,比较了其功能上的差异和特点 ,并用不同的设计软件建立了液压支架三维模型 ,给出了企业选择三维设计软件应该注意的几个方面